The pancreatic beta cell: an intricate relation between anatomical structure, the signalling mechanism of glucose-induced insulin secretion, the low antioxidative defence, the high vulnerability and sensitivity to diabetic stress

Abstract The biosynthesis of insulin takes place in the insulin-producing beta cells that are organized form islets Langerhans together with a few other islet cell types pancreas organ. signal for glucose-induced secretion is generated two pathways mitochondrial metabolism pancreatic cells. These also known as triggering pathway and amplifying pathway. Glucokinase, low-affinity glucose-phosphorylating enzyme glycolysis acts signal-generating this process. ATP ultimately crucial second messenger Insulin-producing badly protected against oxidative stress resulting particular vulnerability type due to low expression H 2 O -inactivating enzymes various subcellular locations, specifically cytosol, mitochondria, peroxisomes endoplasmic reticulum. This contrast glucagon-producing alpha well equipped these enzymes. On hand membranes lipid peroxidation ferroptosis through high level glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) again at variance from situation non-beta GPx4. weak antioxidative defence equipment cells, states disease, very dangerous because endangers functionality making people prone development diabetic metabolic state.